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With the spread of printing workshops, the book became a mass-produced item. Book covers, the protective casings, remained a commissioned work for the book’s owner until around 1800, depending on their taste and budget. Bookbinders bound the paper pages together, crafted the wooden covers and covered them with embossed leather. Artistic clasps and fittings completed the look. The binding served a representational purpose and was therefore often adorned with coats of arms, images, names, initials and other references to the book’s owner.